VEGETABLES
FRUIT
INDEX
AGRICULTURE
The practice of breeding and caring
for animals and plants that are used
for food, clothing, housing, and other
purposes such as transportation.
USA ZONES
CONTAINERS
VEGETABLES IN CONTAINER
HERBS
LIGHT
SOIL MIX
SOIL PH
NUTRIETS
FERTILIZER
MOON PHASES
HYDROPONIC GROWTH MATERIALS
WHEN TO START SEEDS INDOORD
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WINTER STORAGE
STORAGE METHODS
SEEDS
MULCH
MUSHROOMS
ALTERNATIVE FARMING
NO-TILL FARMING
ORGANIC GARDENING
FRUIT
BERRY/CANE BUSH FRUIT
MUSCADINE-SCUPPERNONG-WILD GRAPES
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CANOLA
SOY BEANS
SUGAR BEET
SUGAR CANE
PLANT BREEDING
HYDRIZATION
BIOINTENSIVE METHOD
SECTION 1
GARDEN
LOCATION
NORTH AMERICAS
HARDINESS
ZONES
SEE YOUR LOCAL COUNTY
EXTENSION AGENT FOR AREA
APPROXIMATE RANGE OF
MINIMUM TEMPERATURES
ZONE 1
BELOW -50 degrees fahrenheit
OR
BELOW -46 degrees celsius
ZONE 2
-50 degrees fahrenheit to -40 degrees fahrenheit
OR
-46 degrees celsius to -40 degrees celsius
ZONE 3
-40 degrees fahrenheit to -30 degrees fahrenheit
OR
-40 degrees celsius to -34 degrees celsius
ZONE 4
-30 degrees fahrenheit to -20 degrees fahrenheit
OR
-34 degrees celsius to -29 degrees celsius
ZONE 5
-20 degrees fahrenheit to -10 degrees fahrenheit
OR
-29 degrees celsius to -23 degrees celsius
ZONE 6
-10 degrees fahrenheit to 0 degrees fahrenheit
OR
-23 degrees celsius to -18 degrees celsius
ZONE 7
0 degrees fahrenheit to 10 degrees fahrenheit
OR
-18 degrees celsius to -12 degrees celsius
ZONE 8
10 degrees fahrenheit to 20 degrees fahrenheit
OR
-12 degrees celsius to -7 degrees celsius
ZONE 9
20 degrees fahrenheit to 30 degrees fahrenheit
OR
-7 degrees celsius to -1 degrees celsius
ZONE 10
30 degrees fahrenheit to 40 degrees fahrenheit
OR
-1 degrees celsius to 4 degrees celsius
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SECTION 2
CONTAINERS
INDOORS
FOR MINI
SEED BANK,
Dwarf fruit trees fits container gardening.
Most vines will do fine also.
WINDOWSILL
FARM
WINDOWSILL:
carrots, cress, lettuce, mustard,
radishes, spinach, tomatoes, zucchini.
BALCONY, ROOFTOP, WINDOWBOX:
carrots, cress, lettuce, mustard,
radishes, spinach, tomatoes, zucchini,
beans, broccoli, brussels sprouts,
cabbage, corn, cucumbers, peppers,
potatoes, squash, turnips, and
most root vegetables.
INDOORS UNDER LIGHTS:
beets, carrots, celery, Chinese cabbage,
cucumbers, endive, onions, radishes,
watercress.
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SECTION 3
VEGETABLES
CONTAINER
Pots of vegetables can be outstanding
decorative elements and they make
vegetables possible where there is no
soil, such as on a balcony or in a
paved courtyard.
Make sure the container is big enough
for the plants root development.
Adequate drainage is also critical,
as vegetables do not like to become
water logged.
BEANS (BUSH)
2 TO 3 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
3 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
6 plants spaced 2 to 3 inches apart
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
60 DAYS
BEANS (POLE)
4 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
3 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
6 plants spaced 2 to 3 inches apart
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
60 DAYS
BEETS
pint TO 3 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
3 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
2 to 3 plants in large containers
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
60 DAYS
BROCCOLI
1 plant per 5 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
3 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
1 plant
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
70 DAYS
BRUSSELS SPROUTS
1 plant per 5 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
3 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
1 plant
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
90 DAYS
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CABBAGE
1 plant per 5 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
4 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
1 plant
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
50 TO 100 DAYS
CARROTS
3 gal. AT LEAST 12 INCHES DEEP
SEED STORAGE TIME
1 year
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
1 plant
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
70 DAYS
CORN
10 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
2 year
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
4 plants, plant at least 12 for pollination
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
70 TO 100 DAYS
SWISS CHARD
3 to 5 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
4 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
4 to 5 plants,
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
30 TO 50 DAYS
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CUCUMBERS
3 TO 5 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
5 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
2 plants
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
50 TO 57 DAYS
EGGPLANT
5 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
4 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
1 plant
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
60 DAYS
KALE, MUSTARD GREENS
3 TO 5 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
3 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
3 in large containers
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
30 TO 50 DAYS
LETTUCE,SALAD GREENS
1 TO 3 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
4 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
1 plant
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
45 DAYS
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OKRA
8 to 10 inch pot
SEED STORAGE TIME
1 year
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
1 per pot
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
DAYS
ONIONS,GREEN
1 TO 3 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
1 year
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
16 plants
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
30 DAYS
PEANUTS
8 to 10 in pot
SEED STORAGE TIME
1 year
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
1 plant
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
over 90 DAYS
PEAS
2 TO 4 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
1 year
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
6 plants
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
60 TO 90 DAYS
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PEPPERS
3 to 5 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
2 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
1 plant
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
60 TO 75 DAYS
RADISHES
1 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
3 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
4 to 5 plants
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
25 DAYS
SQUASH
5 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
4 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
1 plant
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
50 TO 100 DAYS
STRAWBERRY
at least 8 inch
SEED STORAGE TIME
1 year
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
1 plant
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
over 90 DAYS
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TOMATOES
1 to 5 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
3 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
1 plant
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
45 TO 70 DAYS
TURNIPS
5 GAL.
SEED STORAGE TIME
5 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
space 2 inches apart
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
50 DAYS
ZUCCHINI
5 gal.
SEED STORAGE TIME
4 years
PLANTS PER CONTAINER
1 plant
FROM SEED TO HARVEST
50 to 60 DAYS
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GARDEN
VEGETABLES
COMPANIONS
ANTAGONIST
ASPARAGUS
LIKES:
TOMATOES,PARSLEY,BASIL.
DISLIKES:
BEANS
LIKES:
POTATOES, CARROTS, CUCUMBERS, CAULIFLOWER
CABBAGE, SUMMER SAVORY, MOST OTHER
VEGETABLES AND HERBS.
DISLIKES:
ONION, GARLIC, GLADIOUS.
POLE BEANS
LIKES:
CORN, SUMMER SAVORY.
DISLIKES:
ONIONS, BEETS, KOHLRABI, SUNFLOWER.
BUSH BEANS
LIKES:
POTATOES, CUCUMBERS, CORN,
STRAWBERRIES, CELERY, SUMMER SAVORY.
DISLIKES:
ONIONS
BEETS
LIKES:
ONIONS, KOHLRABI.
DISLIKES:
POLE BEANS
BACK TO TOP
CABBAGE FAMILY
CABBAGE, CAULIFLOWER, KALE,
KOHLRABI, BROCCOLI, BRUSSELS SPROUTS.
LIKES:
AROMATIC PLANTS, POTATOES, CELERY,
DILL. CAMOMILE, SAGE, PEPERMINT,
ROSEMARY, BEETS, ONIONS.
DISLIKES:
STRAWBERRIES, TOMATOES, POLE BEANS.
CARROTS
LIKES:
PEAS, LEAF LETTUCE, CHIVES, ONIONS,
LEEK, ROSEMARY, SAGE, TOMATOES.
DISLIKES:
DILL
CELERY
LIKES:
LEEK, TOMATOES, BUSH BEANS,
CAULIFLOWER, CABBAGE.
DISLIKES:
CHIVES
LIKES:
CARROTS
DISLIKES:
PEAS, BEANS.
CORN
LIKES:
POTATOES, PEAS, BEANS, CUCUMBERS,
PUMPKIN, SQUASH.
DISLIKES:
BACK TO TOP
CUCUMBERS
LIKES:
BEANS, CORN, PEAS,
RADISHES, SUNFLOWERS.
DISLIKES:
POTATOES, AROMATIC HERBS.
TOMATOES
LIKES:
CHIVES, ONION, PARSLEY, ASPARAGUS,
MARIGOLD, NASTURTIUM, CARROT.
DISLIKES:
KOHLRABI, POTATO, FENNEL, CABBAGE.
EGGPLANT
LIKES:
BEANS
DISLIKES:
PEAS
LIKES:
CARROTS, TURNIPS, RADISHES,
CUCUMBERS, CORN, BEANS, MOST
VEGETABLES AND HERBS.
DISLIKES:
ONIONS, GARLIC, GLADIOLUS, POTATO
SQUASH
LIKES:
NASTURTIUM, CORN.
DISLIKES:
BACK TO TOP
ONION
INCLUDING GARLIC
LIKES:
BEETS, STRAWBERRIES, TOMATO,
LETTUCE, SUMMER SAVORY,
CAMOMILE(SPARSELY).
DISLIKES:
PEAS, BEANS.
LEEK
LIKES:
ONIONS, CELERY, CARROTS.
DISLIKES:
LETTUCE
LIKES:
CARROTS, RADISHES,
STRAWBERRIES, CUCUMBERS.
DISLIKES:
RADISH
LIKES:
PEAS, NASTURTIUM
LETTUCE, CUCUMBERS.
DISLIKES:
BACK TO TOP
PARSLEY
LIKES:
TOMATO, ASPARAGUS.
DISLIKES:
POTATO
LIKES:
BEANS, CORN, CABBAGE,
HORSERADISH, MARIGOLD, EGGPLANT.
DISLIKES:
PUMPKIN, SQUASH, CUCUMBER,
SUNFLOWER, TOMATO, RASPBERRIES.
PUMPKIN
LIKES:
CORN
DISLIKES:
POTATO
SOYBEANS
LIKES:
GROWS WITH ANYTHING,
HELPS EVERYTHING.
DISLIKES:
BACK TO TOP
STRAWBERRIES
LIKES:
BUSH BEAN, SPINACH, BORAGE,
LETTUCE.
DISLIKES:
SPINACH
LIKES:
STRAWBERRIES.
DISLIKES:
SUNFLOWER
LIKES:
CUCUMBERS
DISLIKES:
POTATO
TURNIP
LIKES:
PEAS
DISLIKES:
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SECTION 4
HERBS
SIZE
Container or square foot
LOCATION
4 TO 5 hours of bright light to full sun
SOIL
Well-drained soil,
NO STANDING WATER.
BASIL,SWEET
Ocimum basilicum
BORAGE
Borago Officinalis
DILL
Anebum Graveolens
LAVENDER
Lavandula Species
MARJORAM
Origanum Majorana
OREGANO
Origanum Vulgare
PARSLEY
Petroselinum Crispum
SAGE
Salvia Officinalis
TANSY
Tanacetum Vulgare
ROSEMARY
Rosmarinus Officinalis
THYME
Thymus Species
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COMPANION
HERBAL
PLANTING
A list of herbs, their companions, their uses,
including some beneficial weeds and flowers.
BASIL
Companion to tomatoes, dislikes rue
intensely. Improves growth and flavor.
Repels flies and mosquitoes.
BEEBALM
Companion to tomatoes,
improves growth and flavor.
BORAGE
Companion to tomatoes, squash
and strawberries; deters tomato
worm; improves growth and flavor.
CARAWAY
Plant here and there;
LOOSENS SOIL.
CATNIP
Plant in borders;
deters flea beetle.
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CAMOMILE
Companion to cabbages and onions;
improves growth and flavor.
CHERVIL
Companion to radishes;
improves growth and flavor.
CHIVES
Companion to carrots;
improves growth and flavor.
DEAD NETTLE
Companion to potatoes, deters
potato bug,
improves growth and flavor.
DILL
Companion to cabbage; dislikes
carrots; improves growth and
health of cabbage.
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FENNEL
Plant away from gardens.
Most plants dislikes it.
FLAX
Companion to carrots, potatoes,
deters potato bug.
improves growth and flavor.
GARLIC
Plant near roses and raspberries;
deters Japanese beetle;
improves growth and health.
HORSERADISH
Plant at corners of patato
patch to deter potato bug.
HENBIT
General insect repellant.
HYSSOP
Deters cabbage moth;
Companion to cabbage and grapes.
Keep away from radishes.
LAMB'S-QUARTERS
This edible weed should be allowed
to grow in moderate amounts in the
garden, especially in corn.
LEMON BALM
Sprinkle throughout garden.
LOVAGE
Improves flavor and health of
plants if planted here and there.
MARIGOLDS
The workhorse of the pest
deterrents, Plant throughout
garden, it discourages Mexican
bean beetles, nematodes
and other insects.
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MINT
Companion to cabbage and tomatoes,
improves health and flavor; deters
white cabbage moth.
MARJORAM
Here and there in garden;
improves flavors.
MOLE PLANT
Deters mole and mice if
planted here and there.
NASTURTIUM
Companion to radishes, cabbage
and curcurbits; plant under
fruit trees. Deters aphids,
squash bugs, striped pumpkin
beetles. Improves growth
and flavor.
PETUNIA
Protects beans.
POT MARIGOLD
Companion to tomatoes but plant
elsewhere in garden, too. Deters
asparagus beetle, tomato worm and
general garden pests.
PURSLANE
This edible weed makes good
ground cover in the corn.
PIGWEED
One of the best weeds for
pumping nutrients from the
subsoil, it is especially
beneficial to potatoes,
onions and corn. Keep
weeds thinned.
PEPPERMINT
Planted among cabbage, it
repels the white cabbage
butterfly.
ROSEMARY
Companion to cabbage, bean,
carrots and sage; deters
cabbage moth, bean bettles
and carrot fly.
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RUE
Keep it far away from
sweet basil; plant near
roses and raspberries;
deters Japanese beetle.
SAGE
Plant with rosemary, cabbage
and carrots; keep away from
cucumbers. Deters cabbage
moth, carrot fly.
SOUTHERNWOOD
Plant here and there in
garden; Companion to cabbage;
improves growth and flavor;
deters cabbage moth.
SOWTHISTLE
This weed in moderate
amounts can help tomatoes,
onions and corn.
SUMMER SAVORY
Plant with beans and onions;
improves growth and flavor.
Deters bean beetles.
TANSY
Plant under fruit trees;
Companion to roses and
raspberries. Deters flying
insects, Japanese beetles,
striped cucumber beetles,
squash bugs, ants.
TARRAGON
Good throughout garden.
THYME
Here and there in garden.
It deters cabbage worm.
VALERIAN
Good anywhere in garden.
WILD MORNING GLORY
Allow it to grow in corn.
WORMWOOD
As a border, it keeps
animals from the garden.
YARROW
Plant along borders, paths,
near aromatic herbs, enhances
essential oil production.
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SECTION 5
LIGHT
CONDITIONS
SUNSHINE
Any area that gets at least 6 hours of full
sun a day.Will do for for most crops.
FULL SPECTRUM LIGHT
GRO-LIGHT
60-watt gro light for 8 hours a day.
FOOT CANDLES
Foot candles indicate the intensity of light
at any given distance from its source.
Most groups of plants optimum light source is some
where in the range of 300-400 foot candles.
Foliage plants will grow inside for the winter
in a lightrated at 100-150 foot candles.
Some low light plants will survive at 50 foot
candles, which is sufficient to read by.
Fluoresent or incandescent lighting can be used to
supplement natural daylight or to replace it.
DIRECT SUN:
Areas with south facing windows, where sunlight
shine in for at least five hours a day.
PARTIAL SUN:
Areas with east or west facing windows, where sunlight
shines in for less then five hours a day.
BRIGHT LIGHT:
Areas which get a great deal of light through the
reflection of sunlight off a wall or ceiling, but
gets NO DIRECT SUN.
FILTERED LIGHT:
Light that shines through either overhang or trees
and bushes outside a window, or through blinds or
curtains inside a window. These are areas that are
five to ten feet from a window which get direct sun
for part of the day.
SHADE:
Light in a room without a window, most plant in shade
need grow light to survive.
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SECTION 6
SOIL
MIX
The yields of your gardens, tree crops, berries and
vines dependent on soil texture, and structure,
pruning style, and watering and fertilization rates.
1 part peat moss or organic matter.
1 part coarse sand.
2 parts soil.
SOIL:TEMPERATURE
Must be at least 68 to 72 degrees fahrenheit for
seeds to sprout. Most can be started indoors.
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SECTION 7
SOIL
PH
PH VALUE
Plants can absorb water and nutrients
through their roots, only if the PH of
the soil is within a certain range.
Lime (calcium carbonate) has for years
been added to acid soils to raise the
PH level.
The acidity or alkalinity of a solution
is indicated by a number known as PH.
The PH scale goes from 0 to 14, a PH of
7 is neutral. The PH values below 7 are
acidic, and those above 7 are alkaline.
Pure water is neutral, with a PH of 7.
Cow's milk, human milk, human saliva
are closed to neutral on the scale.
Organic fertilizers,which has humus
(straw, wood, leaves, grass) have the
advantages of improvint the structure
of the soils as well as providing the
plants with nutrients.
SOIL TYPES
ACID SOIL
Acid soils are found in areas with high
rain fall. where plants grow rapidly and
produce acids by respiration and by the
procees of decomposition.
ALKALINE SOIL
Alkaline soils are common in those areas
where there is little moisture.
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SECTION 8
PLANT
NUTRIETS
N
nitrogen for leaves,shoots,roots.
P
phosphorous for flowers,seeds.
K
patassium for firm tissue,roots.
MG
magnesium for firm tissue,chlorophyll.
CA
calcium for roots,shoots.
S
sulphue for metabolic process.
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SECTION 9
FERTILIZER
VALUES
20-50-10
20-Nitrogen
50-Phosphorous
10-Potassium
GERAINIUM
15-30-15
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SECTION 10
PLANT BY
MOON PHASE
LIGHT OF THE MOON:
Plant above ground crops.
DARK OF THE MOON:
Plant root crops.
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SECTION 11
HYDROPONIC
GROWTH
MATERIALS
Sphagan moss
Peagram (rock and/or sand)
Per-vemic-lite
Rock wool
Popcorn clay
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SECTION 12
WHEN TO START
SEEDS INDOORS:
BROCCOLI, BRUSSELS SPROUTS,
CABBAGE, CAULIFLOWER
NUMBER OF WEEKS:
5-6
EGG PLANT, PEPPERS
NUMBER OF WEEKS:
8-9
TOMATOS
NUMBER OF WEEKS:
6-7
LETTUCE
NUMBER OF WEEKS:
3-4
VINES,
CUCUMBERS, SQUASH, MELONS
NUMBER OF WEEKS:
3-4
SALVIA, SNAPDRAGONS, ALYSSUM
NUMBER OF WEEKS:
7-8
GERANIUM
NUMBER OF WEEKS:
10-12
IMPATIENS
NUMBER OF WEEKS:
6-7
MARIGOLDS
NUMBER OF WEEKS:
5-6
PETUNIAS, PANSY
NUMBER OF WEEKS:
8-9
ZINNIA
NUMBER OF WEEKS:
4-5
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SECTION 13
GOOD FOR WINTER
STORAGE IN A COOL
FROST FREE PLACE
BEETS
CABBAGE
CARROTS
CELERY
ONIONS
PARSNIPS
PUMPKINS
RUTABAGA
WINTER RADISH
WINTER SQUASH
TURNIPS
VEGETABLES BEST
FOR FREEZING
SNAP BEANS
LIMA BEANS
CORN
GREENS
PEAS
BEETS
BROCCOLI
BRUSSEL SPROUTS
CAULIFLOWER
SQUASH
THESE ARE BUT A FEW:
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SECTION 14
STORAGE
METHODS
Produce such as root vegetables, fruits
can be placed in a storage unit in winter.
The unit must maintain at temperatures in
the 30 to 40 degrees F. range, with humidity
between 80 to 90 percent.
Warmer areas can be utilized for preserving
some crops such as onions, pumpkins and squash.
These do best at temperatures between 50 to 55
degrees F., with humidity of 60 to 70 percent.
Herbs can be strung and hung upside down in a
number of places for preservation. most of
these areas you will find in your home. Store
canned goods in a cool, dark place.
PRODUCE:
APPLES
STORAGE METHOD:
Live storage, canning, jams, jellies, drying.
PRODUCE:
APRICOTS
STORAGE METHOD:
Canning, jams, jellies, drying.
PRODUCE:
ASPARAGUS
STORAGE METHOD:
Canning, frezing.
PRODUCE:
BEANS (GREEN)
STORAGE METHOD:
Canning, freezing, salt curing.
PRODUCE:
BEAN (LIMA)
STORAGE METHOD:
Canning, freezing, drying.
PRODUCE:
BEETS
STORAGE METHOD:
Live storage, canning, salt curing.
PRODUCE:
BROCCOLI
STORAGE METHOD:
freezing.
PRODUCE:
CABBAGE
STORAGE METHOD:
Live storage, salt curing.
PRODUCE:
CARROTS
STORAGE METHOD:
Live storage, canning, freezing.
PRODUCE:
CAULIFLOWER
STORAGE METHOD:
Freezing, salt curing.
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PRODUCE:
CELERY
STORAGE METHOD:
Live storage.
PRODUCE:
CHERRIES
STORAGE METHOD:
Canning, jams, jellies.
PRODUCE:
CORN
STORAGE METHOD:
Canning, freezing, salt curing.
PRODUCE:
CUCUMBERS
STORAGE METHOD:
Salt curing.
PRODUCE:
ONIONS
STORAGE METHOD:
Live storage.
PRODUCE:
PARSNIPS
STORAGE METHOD:
Live storage.
PRODUCE:
PEACHES
STORAGE METHOD:
Canning, jams, jellies, drying.
PRODUCE:
PEARS
STORAGE METHOD:
Live storage, canning, salt curing,
Jams, jellies, drying.
PRODUCE:
PEAS
STORAGE METHOD:
Canning, freezing, drying.
PRODUCE:
PEPPERS
STORAGE METHOD:
Freezing, salt curing.
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PRODUCE:
PLUMS
STORAGE METHOD:
Canning, jams, jellies, drying,(prunes).
PRODUCE:
POTATOES
STORAGE METHOD:
Live storage, canning.
PRODUCE:
PUMPKIN
STORAGE METHOD:
Live storage, canning.
PRODUCE:
RADISHES
STORAGE METHOD:
Live storage.
PRODUCE:
RASPBERRIES
STORAGE METHOD:
Jams, jellies.
PRODUCE:
RUTABAGAS
STORAGE METHOD:
Live storage, salt curing.
PRODUCE:
SPINACH
STORAGE METHOD:
Canning, freezing.
PRODUCE:
SQUASH(summer)
STORAGE METHOD:
Canning, freezing.
PRODUCE:
SQUASH(winter)
STORAGE METHOD:
Live storage, canning.
PRODUCE:
SWEET POTATOES
STORAGE METHOD:
Live storage.
PRODUCE:
TOMATOES
STORAGE METHOD:
Canning, salt curing.
PRODUCE:
TURNIPS
STORAGE METHOD:
Live storage, salt curing.
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SECTION 15
SEEDS
SEEDS
The part of most plants from which
another plant can grow. A seed has
a protective outer coat enclosing
an embryo that will become the new
plant and a supply of food for the
plants growth.
SEED
LINKS
GROW SEED
http://www.growseed.org
HEIRLOOM SEED
SAVERS ORGANIZATION
http://www.suite101.com
SEED OF CHANGE
http://www.seedsofchange.com
SEED SAVERS EXCHANGE
http://www.seedsavers.org
SEED SAVERS NETWORK
http://www.seedsavers.net
SEED SWAPPERS
http://www.seedswappers.com
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SECTION 16
MULCH
WHY USE MULCH
Maintain soil moisture and temperature.
Prevent evaporation.
Add organic soil builders.
Insect and disease trap.
Prevent weeds.
Less work.
TYPES OF MULCH
ORGANIC
Grass clippings, straw, buckwheat shells,
leaves, compost, totted manure, corn cob
particles, coco bean shells, and shredded
newspapers.
INORGANIC
Plastic sheeting, plastic fabric,
shingles, and roofing paper.
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SECTION 17
MUSHROOMS
MUSHROOMS
Any of many small fungi shaped like a
umbrellas that grow very fast. Many
mushroom are good to eat, some are
powerfully poisonous. So do your
home work and research ahead of
time and talk to the experts.
TIP:
In bioremediation mushrooms can be used
to detoxofy contaminated environment. The
mushrooms that are grown in polluted
environments can absorb toxins directly
into their tissues. As a result, mushrooms
grown in these environments should not be
eaten.
Not only are mushroom a protein-rich food
source for human, but the by-products unlock
nutrients for other members of the ecological
community. Many species can be incorporated
into the permaculture model. A strategy that
uses mushrooms to help repair the environment,
due to natural disasters such as hurricanes,
tornadoes and floods. Mushrooms are a rich
source for amino acids(proteins) minerals and
vitamins.
MUSHROOMS
LINKS:
BRITISH MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY
http://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/
DOCTOR FUNGUS
http://www.doctorfungus.org/
FUNGI.CA
http://www.fungi.ca/
FUNGI PERFECTI
http://www.fungi.com/
GOURMET MUSHROOM
http://www.gmushrooms.com/
GROW MAGIC MUSHROOMS
http://www.growmagicmushrooms.co.uk/
THE HIDDEN FOREST
http://www.hiddenforest.co.nz/
MUSHROOM ADVENTURES
http://www.mushroomadventures.com/
THE MUSHROOM-DIRECTORY
http://www.mushroom-directory.com/
THE MUSHROOM GROWERS NEWSLETTER
http://www.mushroomcompany.com/
MYCOINFO
http://www.mycoinfo.com/
MYCOLOG.COM
http://www.mycolog.com/
MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
http://msafungi.org/
MYCOWEST
http://www.mycowest.org/
MYKOWEB
http://www.mykoweb.com/
MYXOWEB
http://www.myxoweb.com/
NORTH AMERICAN MYCOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
http://www.namyco.org/
THE SHROOMERY
http://www.shroomery.org/
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SECTION 18
ALTERNATIVE
FARMING
ALTERNATIVE
Choice from among two or more things.
FARM
A piece of land which someone uses to
raise crops or animals. To cultivate land.
LOW-INPUT FARMING
Which emphasizes reducing farmers cost,
& reducing enviromental damage. Organic
and no-till farming saves money by
avoiding the use of large quantities
of energy, pesticides, fertilizers
and water,
ALTERNATIVE
FARM
LINKS:
KIDS GARDENING
http://www.kidsgardening.com/
NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY
http://www.nal.usda.gov/
NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
INFORMATION SERVICE
http://www.attra.org/
ORGANIC-RESEARCH
http://www.organic-research.com/
THE SMALL FARM TODAY
http://www.smallfarmtoday.com/
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SECTION 18A
NO-TILL
FARMING
NO-TILL FARMING
Soil is left undisturbed from harvest
to planting. Planting or drilling is
accomplished in a narrow seedbed or
slot created by disk openers. Coulters,
residue managers, seed firmers, and
modified closing wheels are used on the
drill or planter to ensure adequate seed
to soil contact.
In a properly designed no-till system, pest
(weeds, disease, and insect) control is
accomplished primarily with the following
cultural practices: rotation, sanitation,
and competition. Judicious use of herbicides
may be used to provide the crop with a more
competitive advantage over the weeds.
There are two immediate changes that
crops established by no-tillage methods
face compared with crops established with
cultivation.
The soil is much less disturbed as there is
virtually no inversion of surface soil with
deeper soil; and there is a very large increase
in the amount of crop residue left on the
surface.
NO-TILL
FARMING
LINKS
ALTERNET
http://www.alternet.org/
THE DAKOTA LAKES
RESEARCH FARM
http://www.dakotalakes.com/
LESSITER PUBLICATION
http://www.lesspub.com/
NO-TILL
http://www.no-till.com/
NO TILL ON THE PLAINS
http://www.notill.org/
13 PRAIRE WIND ROAD
http://www.13prairiewindroad.com/
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SECTION 18B
ORGANIC
GARDENING
ORGANIC GARDENING
The practice of growing fruit and
vegetables, using only things found
in nature. No man-made chemicals are
used. This concept also works well
for flowers, trees, shrubs and even
your lawn. You can make your own
fertilizer called compost tea.
ORGANIC
GARDENING
LINKS
GARDEN SIMPLY
http://www.gardensimply.com/
HDRA
http://www.hdra.org/
DIRT DOCTOR
http://www.dirtdoctor.com/
SEEDS OF CHANGE
http://www.seedsofchange.com/
ORGANIC AG INFO
http://www.organicaginfo.org/
ORGANIC CONSUMERS ASSOCIATION
http://www.organicconsumers.org/
ORGANIC GARDENING
http://www.organicgardening.com/
ORGANIC GARDENING
FROM DOWN UNDER
http://www.organicdownunder.com/
ORGANIC GARDEN TIPS
http://www.organicgardentips.com/
THE VEGETABLE PATCH
http://www.thevegetablepatch.com/
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SECTION 19
FRUIT
FRUIT
A juicy or fleshy part of a tree, bush,
or vine, containing the seed and a
covering, usually sweet and good to
eat. A part of a seed plant that has
the seeds.
TIP:
See your local county extensions
office for information on these
crop in your area.
FRUIT
LINKS:
BACKYARD GARDENER
http://www.backyardgardener.com/
CALIFORNIA RARE FRUIT GROWER
http://www.crfg.org/
FRUIT GROWERS NEWS
http://www.fruitgrowersnews.com/
THE FRUIT PAGES
http://www.thefruitpages.com/
FRUIT ONLINE
http://www.fruitonline.com/
GOOD FRUIT GROWER MAGAZINE
http://www.goodfruit.com/
THE NEW FARM
http://www.newfarm.org/
NURSERYMAN
http://www.nurseryman.com/
THE TREE
http://www.the-tree.org.uk/
UNITED FRESH FRUIT AND
VEGETABLE ASSOCIATION
http://www.uffva.org/
THE VIRTUAL ORCHARD
http://www.virtualorchard.net/
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SECTION 20
BERRY-CANE
BUSH-FRUIT
BERRY
Any small,juicy fruit with many seeds.
A simple fruit having a skin or rind
surrounding the seeds in the pulp.
TIP:
See your local county extensions
office for information on these
crop in your area.
BERRY-CANE
BUSH-FRUIT
LINKS:
1ST CHOICE GARDENING INFO WEB
http://www.1st-choice-gardening.info/
ACTA HORTICULTURE
http://www.actahort.org/
THE MEDIADROME
http://www.themediadrome.com/
OUR GARDEN GANG
http://www.ourgardengang.com/
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
http://www.rhs.org/
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SECTION 21
MUSCADINE
SCUPPERNONG
WILD GRAPES
GRAPES
A small round fruit, purple, pale green,
or red, that grows in bunches on several
kinds of vines.
TIP:
See your local county extensions
office for information on these
crop in your area.
MUSCADINE
SCUPPERNONG
GRAPES
LINKS:
GRAPE STOMPER
http://www.grapestomper.com/
GREAT MUSCADINES
http://www.muscadine.com/
LSU AGCENTER
http://www.lsuagcenter.com/
MUSCADINE
http://www.muscadine.com/
NORTH CAROLINA WINE
http://www.ncwine.org/
PAULK VINEYARDS
http://www.paulkvineyards.com/
TY TY NURSERY
http://www.tytyga.com/
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SECTION 22
CANOLA
Canola is rapidly gaining acreage as
a rotation alternative with small
grains and other crops. Grown in
several regions of the U.S., canola
has a strong demand as a healthy
vegetable oil. Canola’s main selling
point has been its low level of
saturated fats, making it popular
as a cooking oil and for use in
processed foods.
CANOLA
LINKS
CANOLA
http://www.canola.com/
CANOLA COUNCIL OF CANADA
http://www.canola-council.org/
CANOLA INFO
http://www.canolainfo.org/
NORTHERN CANOLA GROWERS ASSOCIATION
http://www.northerncanola.com/
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SECTION 23
SOY
BEANS
SOYBEANS
A small, light-colored bean grown as a major
farm crop. Soybeans are a important protein-
rich food and used to make tofu. The oil is
removed and used in margarine, paints and
other uses. The remaining meal is fed to
livestock or made into flour. The plant
this bean grows on, is used to feed the
cattle.
SOY SAUCE
Made from fermented soy beans.
TOFU
Food somewhat like cheese, made from the
curds of the milk of ground soy beans.
SOY BEANS
links
SOY GROWERS
http://www.soygrowers.com/
SOY WORLD
http://www.soyworld.com/
UNITED SOYBEANS BOARD
http://www.unitedsoybean.org/
UNITED SOY BOARD
http://www.talksoy.com/
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SECTION 24
SUGAR BEET
BEANS
BEET
Biennial edible plant.
SUGAR BEET
Beet with white root having
high sugar content.
SUGAR BEET
BEANS
links
ALBERTA SUGARBEETS GROWERS
http://www.agsugar.ab.ca/
EUFIC
http://www.eufic.org/
THE SUGAR BEETS
http://www.thesugarbeets.com/
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SECTION 25
SUGAR
CANE
SUGAR CANE
Tall grass that is the
chief source of sugar.
SUGAR
CANE
links
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SUGAR
CANE TECHNOLOGISTS
http://www.assct.org/
AMERICAN SUGAR
CANE LEAGUE
http://www.sugarcaneleague.org/
SUGAR ASSOCIATION
http://www.sugar.org/
SUGAR CANE GROWERS
COOPERATIVE OF FLORIDA
http://www.scgc.org/
SUGAR CANE LEAGUE
http://www.sugarcaneleague.org/
SUGAR KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL
http://www.sucrose.org/
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SECTION 26
PLANT
BREEDING
PLANT
BREEDING
Plant breeding is the purposeful
manipulation of plant species in
order to create desired genotypes
and phenotypes for specific
purposes.
This manipulation involves either
controlled pollination, genetic
engineering, or both, followed by
artificial selection of progeny.
Plant breeding often, but not
always, leads to plant
domestication.
Plant breeding has been practiced
for thousands of years, since near
the beginning of human civilization.
It is now practiced worldwide by:
government institutions,
commercial enterprises.
International development agencies
believe that breeding new crops is
important for ensuring food security
and developing practices of sustainable
agriculture through the development of
crops suitable for their environment
Domestication of plants is an artificial
selection process conducted by humans to
produce plants that have fewer undesirable
traits of wild plants, and which renders
them dependent on artificial (usually
enhanced) environments for their continued
existence.
Classical plant breeding uses deliberate
interbreeding (crossing) of closely or
distantly related species to produce new
crops with desirable properties.
Plants are crossed to introduce the
traits/genes from one species into a new
genetic background.
Traits that breeders' have tried to
incorporate into crop plants in the
last 100 years include:
Increased quality and
yield of the crop,
Increased tolerance of
environmental pressures
(salinity,
extreme temperature,
drought),
Resistance to viruses,
fungi and bacteria,
Increased tolerance
to insect pests,
Increased tolerance
of herbicides.
The cornerstone of all plant breeding
is selection, or the picking out of
plants with the best combinations of
agricultural and quality characteristics
from populations of plants with a variety
of genetic constitutions.
Seeds from the selected plants are used
to produce the next generation, from
which a further cycle of selection may
be carried out if there are still
differences.
Conventional breeding is divided into
three categories on the basis of ways
in which the species are propagated.
First come the species that set seeds
by self-pollination; that is, the
fertilization usually follows the
germination of pollen on the stigmas
of the same plant on which it was
produced.
The second category of species sets
seeds by cross-pollination; that is,
fertilization usually follows the
germination of pollen on the stigmas
of different plants from those on which
it was produced.
The third category comprises the species
that are asexually propagated; that is,
the commercial crop results from planting
vegetative parts or by grafting.
The procedures used in breeding differ
according to the pattern of propagation
of the species.
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SECTION 26B
HYDRIZATION
HYDRIZATION
Hybridization has several different
meanings in the sciences:
In genetics,
hybridization is the process of
mixing different species or
varieties of organisms to create
a hybrid.
In molecular biology,
hybridisation is the process of
joining two complementary strands
of DNA.
In chemistry,
orbital hybridization,
is the mixing of atomic orbitals to
form new orbitals suitable for
bonding.
PLANT
BREEDING
LINKS
BSPB
http://www.bspb.co.uk/
European Association for Plant
Breeding Research EUCARPIA
http://www.eucarpia.org/
HarvestPlus
http://www.harvestplus.org/
International Plant
Breeding Symposium
http://www.intlplantbreeding.com/
International Seed Federation
http://www.worldseed.org/
National Council of Commercial
Plant Breeders - NCCPB
http://www.nccpb.org/
Plantbreeding.org
http://www.plantbreeding.org/
Plant Breeding Workshop
http://www.plantbreedingworkshop.ncsu.edu/
Plant Haven
http://www.planthaven.com/
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SECTION 27
BIOINTENSIVE
METHOD
BIOINTENSIVE
METHOD
The biointensive method is an organic
agricultural system which focuses on
maximum yields from the minimum area
of land, while simultaneously improving
the soil.
The goal of the method is long term
sustainability on a closed system basis.
Because biointensive is practiced on a
relatively small scale, it is well suited
to anything from:
Personal,
Family,
Community gardens,
Market gardens,
Minifarms.
It has also been used successfully on small
scale commercial farms.
Many of the techniques which compose the
biointensive method were present in ancient
Chinese, Greek and Mayan agriculture, as
well as in the agriculture of the Early
Modern period in Europe.
In order to achieve greater productivity,
the biointensive method uses:
Double dug raised beds,
Intensive planting,
Companion planting.
Animals:
The biointensive method concentrates on the
vegan diet as the easiest to raise on the
smallest amount of land.
This does not, however, mean that biointensive
excludes the raising of animals. A diet which
incorporates animal products can be raised
biointensively, without grazing.
Although this uses the land less efficiently
than a vegan diet raised biointensively, it is
more space efficient than typical methods of
raising animals.
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